Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects women's reproductive health. It’s characterized by an imbalance in reproductive hormones, which can lead to a wide range of symptoms, such as irregular periods. In women with PCOS, small fluid-filled sacs may develop throughout the ovaries. These sacs contain immature eggs (follicles) that don't release regularly, leading to irregular ovulation.
PCOS is more common than you might think. It affects about 6% to 13% of reproductive-aged women. However, up to 70% of women with PCOS worldwide don't know they have it. That's why it's so important to know the signs of PCOS and understand what might cause it. This knowledge is the first step in working with a healthcare provider to figure out if you may have PCOS and how to manage it.
Recognizing PCOS symptoms
PCOS can show up in different ways. Women with PCOS often have ovaries that make too much of certain hormones called androgens. Androgens are a type of hormone typically found in men, but women generally also have it in smaller amounts. Women with PCOS often have elevated androgens levels. This causes an imbalance in reproductive hormones that can lead to irregular periods, problems with ovulation and, in some cases, difficulty getting pregnant.
High androgens levels in PCOS contribute to symptoms, such as:
- Extra hair on the face or body (hirsutism)
- Acne
- Thinning hair on the head
Other possible signs of PCOS may include:
- Weight gain
- Small skin growths called skin tags
- Dark patches on the skin
- Changes in mood
- Sleep problems
PCOS symptoms may vary from person to person. Some women might have many symptoms, while others might only have a few.
Understanding potential PCOS causes and risk factors
We don't know exactly what causes PCOS, but there are several risk factors including:
- Insulin resistance: Insulin is a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels, allowing cells to absorb glucose for energy. Insulin resistance occurs when the body’s cells don’t respond well to insulin. This causes the pancreas to produce more insulin, leading to increased insulin levels and contributing to PCOS symptoms
- Hormone imbalances: High levels of androgens and potential imbalances in luteinizing hormone (a protein produced by the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in ovulation and reproductive health) and follicle-stimulating hormone (another protein produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries to support ovulation and regulate the menstrual cycle) contribute to PCOS symptoms
- Inflammation: A result of insulin resistance associated with PCOS that may contribute to hormone imbalances
- Genetics: Although not fully understood, PCOS can run in families
Other risk factors that may lead to developing PCOS include:
- Overweight
- Poor nutrition
- Lack of physical activity
- Stress
- Diabetes
PCOS testing and diagnosis
Healthcare providers consider several factors when making a PCOS diagnosis, taking into consideration your symptoms and health history. Providers may order blood tests and a pelvic ultrasound.
Because PCOS can affect people differently, it's crucial to talk to your healthcare provider if you think you might have it. A gynecologist or endocrinologist can diagnose PCOS and create a plan to manage it. This is important for managing symptoms, but also for reducing long-term risks related to fertility and other health issues.
If you are experiencing PCOS symptoms, Labcorp OnDemand offers a PCOS Test that can be a helpful first step. The test measures several key hormones to help identify hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS. However, it's important to note that this test alone cannot diagnose PCOS or any other reproductive health condition. Always consult with a healthcare provider to discuss your test results and any concerns you may have about your health.
Remember: Understanding PCOS is the first step toward managing it effectively. With the right information and medical support, women with PCOS can lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
